Endocrine

A boards-focused review of diabetes mellitus — separating type 1 from type 2, the diagnostic thresholds, and chronic complications — then a deep dive on diabetic ketoacidosis: pathophysiology, the classic vignette, the potassium trap, the ketone-testing pitfall, and DKA versus HHS.

A boards-focused walk through hypo- and hyperthyroidism, built around HPT-axis feedback: screen with TSH, confirm with free T4, then localize with antibodies/RAIU and pick the next best step (including Graves, thyroiditis, thyroid storm, and myxedema coma).

A Step 2 CK high-yield lesson on thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, walking from pathophysiology through the TSH-first diagnostic algorithm (uptake scan for low TSH, FNA/Bethesda otherwise) to management, with the four cancer histologies, MEN2, and board buzzwords. Emphasizes next-best-step traps: hot nodules skip FNA, and pheochromocytoma must be excluded before medullary/MEN2 surgery.

A boards-focused walkthrough of Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency: HPA-axis pathophysiology, the confirm-then-localize diagnostic sequence with dynamic testing, and next-best-step management (including adrenal crisis), anchored by classic vignette buzzwords and lab-comparison tables.

A boards-focused diagnostic and management comparison of pheochromocytoma (catecholamine excess) and primary hyperaldosteronism/Conn syndrome (autonomous aldosterone), built around the screen → confirm → localize → treat pathway, correct dynamic-test interpretation, and the two classic traps (alpha-before-beta blockade; drawing an ARR without prepping the patient).

A boards-focused walk through the three most-tested pituitary syndromes—acromegaly, prolactinoma, and hypopituitarism—emphasizing hormone-axis logic, dynamic testing, vignette buzzwords, and next-best-step decisions (hormone level first, MRI second; dopamine agonist before surgery for prolactinoma; glucocorticoid before levothyroxine).

A boards-focused walkthrough of calcium homeostasis and parathyroid disease: the PTH/vitamin D axis, the lab signatures that separate primary/secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism, FHH, hypoparathyroidism, and pseudohypoparathyroidism, plus the classic next-best-step decisions (check PTH first, urine calcium to exclude FHH, and when to operate).

A Step 1–focused walkthrough of MEN 1, 2A, and 2B — contrasting the menin tumor-suppressor (2-hit) versus RET oncogene (1-hit) mechanisms, then the organ-by-organ tumor patterns, dynamic hormone testing, classic vignettes (refractory ulcers + hypercalcemia; pheo-before-thyroidectomy), and management including risk-directed prophylactic thyroidectomy. Corrected the MEN1 pancreatic-NET framing (gastrinoma = most common functional tumor; metastatic pancreatic NETs = leading cause of death) and the MEN2B prophylactic-thyroidectomy timing (first 6 months of life per ATA highest-risk).